傳奇電影明星柯德莉夏萍曾說過:「凡事皆可能——『不可能』(Impossible) 這個字本身就道出了我的可能性 (I’m possible)!」
這種說法令人動容,同時是巧妙的雙關語,但在英語語法中並不成立。當我們說英語時,我們一般可以添加前綴 (在本例中為 “im”),將肯定詞更改為否定意思,反之亦然。在本文中,我們將會探討英語中最常用的前綴,以及其適用情況和用法。
前綴是附加在單詞開頭的一組字母。英語中的前綴會修改單詞的含義,可以使單詞改為否定意思,亦可表達重複或意見。
前綴在英語中相當常見。只要掌握前綴的用法,將其加到已知的英語名詞和形容詞前,詞彙量便可以即時翻倍。
話雖如此,擴大英語詞彙量最快的捷徑,還是參加由專家教師指導的英語課程。請在此一覽課程
何時使用英語前綴?
我們一般會在形容詞之前,使用前綴來表達相反的意思。例如:, kind becomes unkind.在動詞或名詞前面加入前綴,可就該單詞或情境提供更多資訊。例如,eat can become overeat, and understanding can become misunderstanding.
我們會使用形容詞前綴表示否定或「非」的意思,以下是一些最常見的例子。
請注意:這種前綴的用法只會改變單詞的意思,未必會將其變成否定詞。例如,當您在 dependent (依賴) 前面加入前綴 in- 時,便會得到 independent (獨立) 一字,懂得獨立未嘗不是好事!
prefix that means “not” |
Examples of positive and negative |
un- |
Kind / unkind |
dis- |
Satisfied / dissatisfied |
im- |
Possible / impossible |
in- |
Decisive / indecisive |
ir- |
Regular / irregular |
il- |
Legal / illegal |
a- |
Typical/ atypical |
怎樣判斷何時應使用哪個英語前綴?
那麼,您應該使用 im-、un- 還是其他前綴?您又該如何判斷哪個單詞該對應哪個前綴?問得好。答案主要取決於哪個字最容易發音。
以下是幾組常見的前綴用法,不過當中存在例外:
Im- is often used in front of adjectives that begin with p, m, b
(immature, imbalanced)
In- is often used in front of other adjectives.
(Incompetent, ineffective)
Ir- is often used before adjectives that begin with r.
(irrelevant, irresponsible)
il- is often used before adjectives that begin with l.
(illegible, illicit)
我們還可以使用前綴為單詞賦予其他含義:
前綴 |
含義 |
範例 |
mis- |
wrongly |
mislead |
re- |
again |
reactivate |
de- |
stop |
deactivate |
over- |
too much |
overcook |
under- |
too little |
underestimate |
pre- |
before |
prejudice |
post- |
after |
postmodern |
self- |
to yourself |
self-centred |
semi- |
part, partial |
semicircle |
pro- |
in favour of / towards |
proactive |
anti- |
against |
antivirus |
sub |
under |
submarine |
out |
more |
outrun |
non- |
not |
nonconformist |
ex- |
former / from before |
ex-husband |
mid- |
in the middle |
midday |
了解英語前綴的簡單拼寫規則
英語前綴的拼寫規則十分簡單。由於詞根和前綴的串法均保持不變,我們一般會使用重疊字母:
My little brother is so immature.
I couldn’t read the document -- it was illegible.
Bob thought the meeting was unnecessary.
某些前綴會在主詞前面加入連字符 (-),例如前綴 ex-。如果前綴置於專有名詞、名稱或數字的前方,您亦應該使用連字符:
I saw my ex-boss at the conference.He was looking very stressed!
They were very pro-Europe, even though their friends were anti-Europe.
I used to listen to this music in the mid-90s.
如果前綴最後的元音與主詞開頭相同,亦需要加入連字符。這樣做會令單詞更容易發音。
Everyone was hoping that they wouldn’t re-elect the Treasurer.
She is one of the world’s pre-eminent physicists.
至於其他前綴,除非省略連字符會產生歧義,否則不應使用連字符。請參考以下這個意思截然不同的例子:
Ahmad had to re-sign the document.(他需要重新簽署文件。)
Ahmad had to resign from his job, as he had found something better.(他需要辭職。)
使用英語前綴的常見錯誤
混淆看起來相似但含義不盡相同的前綴,是我們常犯的錯誤。例如:
He was very dissatisfied with his new headphones -- the sound quality was terrible.
John was unsatisfied after the meal -- he was still hungry.
雖然這兩個單詞十分相似,而且都是否定詞,但含義稍有不同。Dissatisfied 表示某個人對某件事感到不滿或沮喪,unsatisfied 則表示不完整或缺少了某些東西。
流行電影和音樂中使用前綴的著名例子
法國雙人組合 Air 在 2008 年創作歌曲《Lucky and Unhappy》,講述一群特立獨行的人選擇自由過活的故事。
由 Tina Fey 編劇的《The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt》是人氣喜劇連續劇,講述一名樂天開朗的女人即使被鎖在地堡裡多年,仍然積極過活。她積極向上的精神可謂無堅不摧!
由 Mos Def、Jack Black 和 Danny Glover 出演的 2008 年非主流經典喜劇電影《Be Kind,Rewind》講述了一家租碟舖所發生的種種怪事。
前綴小測驗
您能找出這些句子中的錯誤並加以修正嗎?
- My younger brother is so iresponsible.He never helps!
- My chicken was over cooked and tough.It was difficult to eat!
- Ruyi gets stressed when people are late -- she’s so unpatient.
- We need to repress the button.I don’t think it worked.
- Jake was unsatisfied with the service in the restaurant -- the waiter was very rude.
答案:
- My younger brother is so irresponsible.He never helps!
- My chicken was overcooked.It was difficult to eat!
- Ruyi gets stressed when people are late -- she’s so impatient.
- We need to re-press the button.I don’t think it worked.
- Jake was dissatisfied with the service in the restaurant -- the waiter was very rude.